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🟢 \({\LaTeX}\)常用表达式\#

记录了常用的\(\LaTeX\)数学式表达,必然有收录不完整的地方

希腊字母\#

Name Display Capital Case Display Var Case Display
\alpha \(\alpha\) A \(\Alpha\)
\beta \(\beta\) B \(\Beta\)
\gamma \(\gamma\) \Gamma \(\Gamma\)
\theta \(\theta\) \Theta \(\Theta\) \vartheta \(\vartheta\)
\mu \(\mu\) \Mu \(\Mu\)
\delta \(\delta\) \Delta \(\Delta\)
\epsilon \(\epsilon\) E \(\Epsilon\) \varepsilon \(\varepsilon\)
\sigma \(\sigma\) \Sigma \(\Sigma\) \varsigma \(\varsigma\)
\pi \(\pi\) \Pi \(\Pi\) \varpi \(\varpi\)
\omega \(\omega\) \Omega \(\Omega\)
\xi \(\xi\) \Xi \(\Xi\)
\zeta \(\zeta\) \Zeta \(\Zeta\)
\chi \(\chi\) \Chi \(\Chi\)
\rho \(\rho\) \Rho \(\Rho\) \varrho \(\varrho\)
\phi \(\phi\) \Phi \(\Phi\) \varphi \(\varphi\)
\eta \(\eta\) Eta \(\Eta\)
\lambda \(\lambda\) \Lambda \(\Lambda\)
\kappa \(\kappa\) \Kappa \(\Kappa\)
\nu \(\nu\) \Nu \(\Nu\)
\upsilon \(\upsilon\) \Upsilon \(\Upsilon\)
\psi \(\psi\) \Psi \(\Psi\)
\tau \(\tau\) \Tau \(\Tau\)
\iota \(\iota\) \Iota \(\Iota\)
\omicron \(\omicron\) \Omicron \(\Omicron\)

有代码的大写希腊字母,直接敲获得正体,使用\var前缀转化为斜体

如:\Gamma Γ(正) \varGamma \(\varGamma\)(斜)

没有代码的大写希腊字母,直接敲得斜体,使用\text命令转化为正体

如:\Tau \(\Tau\)直接敲(斜) \text T \(\text T\)(正)

(也可以使用\rm将下一个单词变正,\text T的作用范围只是下一个字母;可以尝试加{}

可以发现上面有一些字母的大写形式没有被渲染,可能是它们有对应的英文字母大写的缘故,在英语键盘中可以直接输入出来

运算\#

简单运算\#

Type Typeset
+ \(+\)
- \(-\)
\pm \(\pm\)
\mp \(\mp\)
\times \(\times\)
\cdot \(\cdot\)
\div \(\div\)
\bmod \(\bmod\)
\cap \(\cap\)
\cup \(\cup\)
\wedge \land \(\wedge,\land\)
\vee \lor \(\vee,\lor\)
\ast \(\ast\)
\det \(\det\)

复杂运算\#

Type Typeset
\sqrt{abc} \(\sqrt{abc}\)
\sqrt[n]{abc} \(\sqrt[n]{abc}\)
\frac{abc}{xyz} \(\frac{abc}{xyz}\)
\int_{a}^{b} \(\int_{a}^{b}\)
\iiint_{a}^{b} \(\iiint_{a}^{b}\)
\oint_{a}^{b} \(\oint_{a}^{b}\)
\frac{\mathrm{d} y}{\mathrm{d} x} \(\frac{\mathrm{d} y}{\mathrm{d} x}\)
\frac{\mathrm{d}^{n} y}{\mathrm{d} x^{n}} \(\frac{\mathrm{d}^{n} y}{\mathrm{d} x^{n}}\)
\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\)
\frac{\partial ^{n} f}{\partial x^{n}} \(\frac{\partial ^{n} f}{\partial x^{n}}\)
\sum_{i=1}^{n} \(\sum_{i=1}^{n}\)
\prod_{i=1}^{n} \(\prod_{i=1}^{n}\)
\bigcap_{i=1}^{n} \(\bigcap_{i=1}^{n}\)
\bigcup_{i=1}^{n} \(\bigcup_{i=1}^{n}\)

(想要让角标出现在正上和正下方,使用块级公式而不是行内公式)

函数\#

Type Typeset
\arccos \(\arccos\)
\arcsin \(\arcsin\)
\arctan \(\arctan\)
\cos \(\cos\)
\cosh \(\cosh\)
\cot \(\cot\)
\lg \(\lg\)
\ln \(\ln\)
\log \(\log\)
\sin \(\sin\)
\sinh \(\sinh\)
\tan \(\tan\)
\tanh \(\tanh\)

极限运算符\#

Type Typeset
\lim \(\lim\)
\infty \(\infty\)
\sup \(\sup\)
\min \(\min\)
\max \(\max\)

符号\#

一些键盘上可直接敲出的符号,前面加\即可。

如:\% →% \_ →_

点缀\#

Type Typeset
a^2 \(a^2\)
a_1 \(a_1\)
\bar{a} \(\bar{a}\)
\dot{a} \(\dot{a}\)
\ddot{a} \(\ddot{a}\)
\vec{a} \(\vec{a}\)
\hat{a} \(\hat{a}\)
\tilde{a} \(\tilde{a}\)
\mathring{a} \(\mathring{a}\)
f^{''} \(f^{''}\)
90^\circ \(90^\circ\)
\overset{\frown}\psi \(\overset{\frown}\psi\)
\overset{?}{=} \(\overset{?}{=}\)
\overset{ping}{拼}\overset{yin}{音} \(\overset{ping}{拼}\overset{yin}{音}\)
\overset{はい}{入}る \(\overset{はい}{入}る\)
\underset{t\in R}{max} \(\underset{t\in R}{max}\)

二元关系\#

Type Typeset
< \(<\)
> \(>\)
\le \(\le\)
\ge \(\ge\)
\leqslant \(\leqslant\)
\geqslant \(\geqslant\)
= \(=\)
\ne \(\ne\)
: \(:\)
\in \(\in\)
\notin \(\notin\)
\ni \owns \(\ni \owns\)
\ll \(\ll\)
\gg \(\gg\)
\sim \(\sim\)
\approx \(\approx\)
\cong \(\cong\)
\equiv \(\equiv\)
\subset \(\subset\)
\supset \(\supset\)
\subseteq \(\subseteq\)
\subsetneqq \(\subsetneqq\)
\perp \(\perp\)
\parallel \(\parallel\)
\mid \(\mid\)
\propto \(\propto\)

Miscellaneous Symbols\#

Type Typeset
\therefore \(\therefore\)
\because \(\because\)
\ell \(\ell\)
\partial \(\partial\)
\infty \(\infty\)
\varnothing \emptyset \(\varnothing\ \emptyset\)
\forall \(\forall\)
\exists \(\exists\)
\triangle \(\triangle\)
\angle \(\angle\)
\surd \(\surd\)
\nabla \(\nabla\)
\neg \lnot \(\neg \ \lnot\)
\ldots \(\ldots\)
\cdots \(\cdots\)
\vdots \(\vdots\)
\ddots \(\ddots\)
\S \(\S\)

🎴扑克牌\#

Type Typeset
\spadesuit \(\spadesuit\)
\heartsuit \(\heartsuit\)
\diamondsuit \(\diamondsuit\)
\clubsuit \(\clubsuit\)

箭头\#

Type Typeset
\to \rightarrow \(\to \ \rightarrow\)
\leftarrow \(\leftarrow\)
\Rightarrow \(\Rightarrow\)
\Leftarrow \(\Leftarrow\)
\Longrightarrow \(\Longrightarrow\)
\Longleftarrow \(\Longleftarrow\)
\Leftrightarrow \(\Leftrightarrow\)
\iff \Longleftrightarrow \(\iff \ \Longleftrightarrow\)
\uparrow \(\uparrow\)
\downarrow \(\downarrow\)

包裹结构\#

Type Typeset
\overrightarrow{AB} \(\overrightarrow{AB}\)
\overline{AB} \(\overline{AB}\)
\underline{abc} \(\underline{abc}\)
\tilde{abc} \(\tilde{abc}\)
\widetilde{abc} \(\widetilde{abc}\)
\overbrace{abc} \(\overbrace{abc}\)
\underbrace{abc} \(\underbrace{abc}\)

括号\#

普通括号\#

Type Typeset
( ) \((\ )\)
[ ] \([\ ]\)
\lbrace \rbrace \(\lbrace\ \rbrace\)
\langle \rangle \(\langle\ \rangle\)
\vert \vert \(\vert \ \vert\)

使用\left \(\right \}打出大的包裹括号. 用.代替括号可以空出来一半的括号

绝对值/取模\#

\left | a \right | –> \(\left | a \right |\)

\left \| \vec{a} \right \| –> \(\left \| \vec{a} \right \|\)

向量\#

Type Typeset
\begin{matrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{matrix} \(\begin{matrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{matrix}\)
\begin{pmatrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{pmatrix} \(\begin{pmatrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{pmatrix}\)
\begin{bmatrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{bmatrix} \(\begin{bmatrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{bmatrix}\)
\begin{Bmatrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{Bmatrix} \(\begin{Bmatrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{Bmatrix}\)
\begin{vmatrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{vmatrix} \(\begin{vmatrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{vmatrix}\)
\begin{Vmatrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{Vmatrix} \(\begin{Vmatrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{Vmatrix}\)

两侧括号也可以用 \left \right+括号 来包裹

一般矩阵

\begin{bmatrix}
{a_{11}}&{a_{12}}&{\cdots}&{a_{1n}}\\
{a_{21}}&{a_{22}}&{\cdots}&{a_{2n}}\\
{\vdots}&{\vdots}&{\ddots}&{\vdots}\\
{a_{m1}}&{a_{m2}}&{\cdots}&{a_{mn}}\\
\end{bmatrix}
\[ \begin{bmatrix} {a_{11}}&{a_{12}}&{\cdots}&{a_{1n}}\\ {a_{21}}&{a_{22}}&{\cdots}&{a_{2n}}\\ {\vdots}&{\vdots}&{\ddots}&{\vdots}\\ {a_{m1}}&{a_{m2}}&{\cdots}&{a_{mn}}\\ \end{bmatrix} \]

增广矩阵

\left[
    \begin{array}{cc|c}
      1 & 2 & 3 \\
      4 & 5 & 6
    \end{array}
\right]
\[ \left[ \begin{array}{cc|c} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \end{array} \right] \]

阵列

  • 需要array环境:起始、结束处以{array}声明
  • 对齐方式:在{array}后以{}逐行统一声明
  • 左对齐:l;居中:c;右对齐:r
  • 竖直线:在声明对齐方式时,插入 | 建立竖直线
  • 插入水平线:\hline
\begin{array}{c|lll}
{}&{a}&{b}&{c}\\
\hline
{R_1}&{c}&{b}&{a}\\
{R_2}&{b}&{c}&{c}\\
\end{array}
\[ \begin{array}{c|lll} {↓}&{a}&{b}&{c}\\ \hline {R_1}&{c}&{b}&{a}\\ {R_2}&{b}&{c}&{c}\\ \end{array} \]

方程组\#

\left\{
\begin{array}{c}
    a_{11}x_1+a_{12}x_2+\cdots+a_{1n}x_n=b_1 \\
    a_{21}x_1+a_{22}x_2+\cdots+a_{2n}x_n=b_2 \\
    \vdots \\
    a_{n1}x_1+a_{n2}x_2+\cdots+a_{nn}x_n=b_n
\end{array}
\right.
\[ \left\{ \begin{array}{c} a_{11}x_1+a_{12}x_2+\cdots+a_{1n}x_n=b_1 \\ a_{21}x_1+a_{22}x_2+\cdots+a_{2n}x_n=b_2 \\ \vdots \\ a_{n1}x_1+a_{n2}x_2+\cdots+a_{nn}x_n=b_n \end{array} \right. \]

文档布局\#

空格\#

Name Type Typeset
common aa \(aa\)
interword space a\ a \(a\ a\)
1 em a\quad a \(a\quad a\)
2 em a\qquad a \(a\qquad a\)

紧缩\#

Name Type Typeset
aa \(aa\)
thinspace a\!a \(a\!a\)
medspcae a\negmedspace a \(a\negmedspace a\)
thickspace a\negthickspace a \(a\negthickspace a\)

字号\#

Type Typeset
text \(text\)
\tiny text \(\tiny text\)
\small text \(\small text\)
\normalsize text \(\normalsize text\)
\large text \(\large text\)
\huge text \(\huge text\)

字体\#

Type Typeset
\mathbf{ABCD1234} \(\mathbf{ABCD1234}\)
\mathcal{ABCD1234} \(\mathcal{ABCD1234}\)
\mathit{ABCD1234} \(\mathit{ABCD1234}\)
\mathrm{ABCD1234} \(\mathrm{ABCD1234}\)
\mathsf{ABCD1234} \(\mathsf{ABCD1234}\)
\mathtt{ABCD1234} \(\mathtt{ABCD1234}\)
\mathbb{ABCD1234} \(\mathbb{ABCD1234}\)
\mathfrak{ABCD1234} \(\mathfrak{ABCD1234}\)
\mathscr{ABCD1234} \(\mathscr{ABCD1234}\)

其他符号\#

Name Type Typeset
Aleph number \aleph \(\aleph\)
普朗克常数 \hbar \(\hbar\)
维度 \dim \(\dim\)
\ker \(\ker\)

标签tag,这是一个需要在行内公式中才能正常使用的符号

math\ fomula \tag{tag} $$ math fomula \tag{tag} $$

Type Typeset
\oplus \(\oplus\)
\ominus \(\ominus\)
\otimes \(\otimes\)
\oslash \(\oslash\)
\odot \(\odot\)
\divideontimes \(\divideontimes\)
\mapsto \(\mapsto\)
\triangleq \(\triangleq\)
\circ \(\circ\)
\rightsquigarrow \leadsto \(\rightsquigarrow\ \leadsto\)
\ni \(\ni\)
\mho \(\mho\)
\smile \(\smile\)
\frown \(\frown\)

需要注意的是,在多行数学式中,一般情况下可以使用\\来实现换行,但是也有在某些Markdown解析器中(尤其是GitHub的Markdown解析器),需要使用\\\\来实现换行

加粗

使用\boldsymbol $$ F_i^* = \left(\sum_{f\in J(i)}F^{'}j\right) \delta_i A(\boldsymbol{Z_iS,Z_iR,\theta_S,\theta_R}) + \left(\sum{N_S}S_{n,i}\alpha_nD_n(\boldsymbol{Z_iD;\theta_D})\right)A{'}(\boldsymbol{Z_iS,Z_i^R,\theta_S,\theta_R}) $$ 可以看到小圆括号中的字母都被加粗显示了

等号对齐,递等式计算

\begin{align}
y &= x^2 + 2x + 1 \\
  &= (x + 1)^2
\end{align}

$$ \begin{align} y &= x^2 + 2x + 1 \ &= (x + 1)^2 \end{align} $$ 方程组

\left\{
\begin{align}
x &= r(t - \sin t) \\
y &= r(1 - \cos t)
\end{align}
\right.
\[ \left\{ \begin{align} x &= r(t - \sin t) \\ y &= r(1 - \cos t) \end{align} \right. \]

正体:\mathrm{d}

\[ 正体 : \mathrm{d} \]

旋转矩阵:

二维:

三维:

化学\#

使用化学式可以用$\ce{}$来调用

References\#

  1. LaTeX 常用符号整理
  2. 如何在 markdown 中表示矩阵?
  3. LaTeX数学公式、常用符号大全
  4. Latex简明速查手册(8页)
  5. https://www.latexlive.com/help#d0